Cppcheck 1.54 C/C++静态代码分析工具 -编码规范

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Cppcheck 1.54 C/C++静态代码分析工具

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2018-7-30

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本文来自于网络，本文主要介绍的是C/C++代码分析工具Cppcheck，以及其操作步骤的详细介绍。

Cppcheck是一个C/C++代码分析工具，只检测那些编译器通常无法检测到的bug类型。

官方上建议让编译器提供尽量多的警告提示：

1.使用Visual C++的话，应使用警告等级4

2.使用GCC的话，参看Warning options - using GCC

官方地址：http://cppcheck.sourceforge.net/

当前版本：1.54 for windows

安装界面如下：

安装完后，双击cppcheckgui.exe启动其GUI程序：

工具栏第一个按钮可以添加检测的目录，但是这里不支持中文路径。测试官方的例子，新建一个文件file1.c，内容如下：

int main()
{
char a[10];
a[10] =0;
return 0;
}

用此工具进行检测，结果如下图所示：

一下子就分析出了其中的警告和错误。用命令行检测的话，可以支持中文路径，效果如下图所示：

命令行方式，默认只显示错误的信息，使用--enable打开其他提示信息，如下：

cppcheck.exe --enable=all"E:\项目\测试"

在Visual Studio下使用的话，步骤如下：

1.在Visual Studio菜单栏"工具"→"外部工具"，点击"添加"，内容如下：

标题：Cppcheck
命令：D:\Program Files\Cppcheck\cppcheck.exe
参数：--enable=all--template=vs $(SolutionDir)
勾选"使用输出窗口"

2.使用时，点击"工具"→"Cppcheck"即可，如下图所示：

双击提示内容，即可定位到所在行。

附录：

1.cppcheck命令行参数

Syntax:

cppcheck [OPTIONS] [files or paths]

If a directory is given instead of a filename, *.cpp, *.cxx, *.cc, *.c++, *.c, *.tpp, and *.txx files are checked recursively from the given directory.

--append=<file>	This allows you to provide information about functions by providing an implementation for them.
--check-config	Check cppcheck configuration. The normal code analysis is disabled by this flag.
-D<ID>	By default Cppcheck checks all configurations. Use -D to limit the checking to a particular configuration. Example: '-DDEBUG=1 -D__cplusplus'.
-U<ID>	By default Cppcheck checks all configurations. Use -U to explicitly hide certain #ifdef <ID> code paths from checking. Example: '-UDEBUG'
--enable=<id>	Enable additional checks. The available ids are: * all Enable all checks * style Enable all coding style checks. All messages with the severities 'style', 'performance' and 'portability' are enabled. * performance Enable performance messages * portability Enable portability messages * information Enable information messages * unusedFunction Check for unused functions * missingInclude Warn if there are missing includes. For detailed information, use '--check-config'. Several ids can be given if you separate them with commas. See also --std
--error-exitcode=<n>	If errors are found, integer [n] is returned instead of the default '0'. '1' is returned if arguments are not valid or if no input files are provided. Note that your operating system can modify this value, e.g. '256' can become '0'.
--errorlist	Print a list of all the error messages in XML format.
--exitcode-suppressions=<file>	Used when certain messages should be displayed but should not cause a non-zero exitcode.
--file-list=<file>	Specify the files to check in a text file. Add one filename per line. When file is '-,' the file list will be read from standard input.
-f, --force	Force checking of all configurations in files. If used together with '--max-ifdefs=', the last option is the one that is effective.
-h, --help	Print this help.
-I <dir>	Give path to search for include files. Give several -I parameters to give several paths. First given path is searched for contained header files first. If paths are relative to source files, this is not needed.
--includes-file=<file>	Specify directory paths to search for included header files in a text file. Add one include path per line. First given path is searched for contained header files first. If paths are relative to source files, this is not needed.
-i <dir or file>	Give a source file or source file directory to exclude from the check. This applies only to source files so header files included by source files are not matched. Directory name is matched to all parts of the path.
--inline-suppr	Enable inline suppressions. Use them by placing one or more comments, like: '// cppcheck-suppress warningId' on the lines before the warning to suppress.
-j <jobs>	Start [jobs] threads to do the checking simultaneously.
--max-configs=<limit>	Maximum number of configurations to check in a file before skipping it. Default is '12'. If used together with '--force', the last option is the one that is effective.
--platform=<type>	Specifies platform specific types and sizes. The available platforms are: * unix32 32 bit unix variant * unix64 64 bit unix variant * win32A 32 bit Windows ASCII character encoding * win32W 32 bit Windows UNICODE character encoding * win64 64 bit Windows
-q, --quiet	Only print error messages.
-rp, --relative-paths -rp=<paths>, --relative-paths=<paths>	Use relative paths in output. When given, <paths> are used as base. You can separate multiple paths by ';'. Otherwise path where source files are searched is used. We use string comparison to create relative paths, so using e.g. ~ for home folder does not work. It is currently only possible to apply the base paths to files that are on a lower level in the directory tree.
--report-progress	Report progress messages while checking a file.
--rule=<rule>	Match regular expression.
--rule-file=<file>	Use given rule file. For more information, see: https://sourceforge.net /projects/cppcheck/files/Articles/
-s, --style	Deprecated, please use '--enable=style' instead
--std=<id>	Enable some standard related checks. The available options are: * posix Checks related to POSIX-specific functionality * c99 C99 standard related checks * c++11 C++11 standard related checks Example to enable more than one checks: 'cppcheck --std=c99 --std=posix file.cpp'
--suppress=<spec>	Suppress warnings that match <spec>. The format of <spec> is: [error id]:[filename]:[line] The [filename] and [line] are optional. If [error id] is a wildcard '*', all error ids match.
--suppressions-list=<file>	Suppress warnings listed in the file. Each suppression is in the same format as <spec> above.
--template='<text>'	Format the error messages. E.g. '{file}:{line},{severity},{id},{message}' or '{file}({line}):({severity}) {message}' Pre-defined templates: gcc, vs, edit.
-v, --verbose	Output more detailed error information.
--version	Print out version number.
--xml	Write results in xml format to error stream (stderr).
--xml-version=<version>	Select the XML file version. Currently versions 1 and 2 are available. The default version is 1.

Example usage:

# Recursively check the current folder. Print the progress on the screen and write errors to a file:

cppcheck . 2> err.txt

# Recursively check ../myproject/ and don't print progress:

cppcheck --quiet ../myproject/

# Check only files one.cpp and two.cpp and give all information there is:

cppcheck -v -s one.cpp two.cpp

# Check f.cpp and search include files from inc1/ and inc2/:

cppcheck -I inc1/ -I inc2/ f.cpp

2.检测内容

64-bit portability

Check if there is 64-bit portability issues:

assign address to/from int/lon

Auto Variables

A pointer to a variable is only valid as long as the variable is in scope. Check:

returning a pointer to auto or temporary variable

assigning address of an variable to an effective parameter of a function

returning reference to local/temporary variable

returning address of function parameter

Boost usage

Check for invalid usage of Boost:

container modification during BOOST_FOREACH

Bounds checking

out of bounds checking

Class

Check the code for each class.

Missing constructors

Are all variables initialized by the constructors?

Warn if memset, memcpy etc are used on a class

If it's a base class, check that the destructor is virtual

Are there unused private functions

'operator=' should return reference to self

'operator=' should check for assignment to self

Constness for member functions

Exception Safety

Checking exception safety

Throwing exceptions in destructors

Throwing exception during invalid state

Throwing a copy of a caught exception instead of rethrowing the original exception

exception caught by value instead of by reference

Match assignments and conditions

Match assignments and conditions:

Mismatching assignment and comparison => comparison is always true/false

Mismatching lhs and rhs in comparison => comparison is always true/false

Detect matching 'if' and 'else if' conditions

Memory leaks (address not taken)

Not taking the address to allocated memory

Memory leaks (class variables)

If the constructor allocate memory then the destructor must deallocate it.

Memory leaks (function variables)

Is there any allocated memory when a function goes out of scope

Memory leaks (struct members)

Don't forget to deallocate struct members

Non reentrant functions

Warn if any of these non reentrant functions are used:

crypt

ctermid

ecvt

fcvt

fgetgrent

fgetpwent

fgetspent

gcvt

getgrent

getgrgid

getgrnam

gethostbyaddr

gethostbyname

gethostbyname2

gethostent

getlogin

getnetbyaddr

getnetbyname

getnetgrent

getprotobyname

getpwent

getpwnam

getpwuid

getrpcbyname

getrpcbynumber

getrpcent

getservbyname

getservbyport

getservent

getspent

getspnam

gmtime

localtime

readdir

strtok

tempnam

ttyname

Null pointer

Null pointers

null pointer dereferencing

Obsolete functions

Warn if any of these obsolete functions are used:

asctime

asctime_r

bcmp

bcopy

bsd_signal

bzero

ctime

ctime_r

ecvt

fcvt

ftime

gcvt

getcontext

gethostbyaddr

gethostbyname

getwd

index

makecontext

pthread_attr_getstackaddr

pthread_attr_setstackaddr

rand_r

rindex

scalbln

swapcontext

tmpnam

tmpnam_r

ualarm

usleep

utime

vfork

wcswcs

Other

Other checks

Assigning bool value to pointer (converting bool value to address)

bad usage of the function 'sprintf' (overlapping data)

division with zero

using fflush() on an input stream

scoped object destroyed immediately after construction

assignment in an assert statement

sizeof for array given as function argument

sizeof for numeric given as function argument

using sizeof(pointer) instead of the size of pointed data

incorrect length arguments for 'substr' and 'strncmp'

invalid usage of output stream. For example: std::cout << std::cout;'

wrong number of arguments given to 'printf' or 'scanf;'

double free() or double closedir()

C-style pointer cast in cpp file

casting between incompatible pointer types

redundant if

bad usage of the function 'strtol'

unsigned division

Dangerous usage of 'scanf'

passing parameter by value

Incomplete statement

check how signed char variables are used

variable scope can be limited

condition that is always true/false

unusal pointer arithmetic. For example: "abc" + 'd'

redundant assignment in a switch statement

redundant strcpy in a switch statement

look for 'sizeof sizeof ..'

look for calculations inside sizeof()

assignment of a variable to itself

mutual exclusion over || always evaluating to true

Clarify calculation with parentheses

using increment on boolean

comparison of a boolean with a non-zero integer

comparison of a boolean expression with an integer other than 0 or 1

suspicious condition (assignment+comparison)

suspicious condition (runtime comparison of string literals)

suspicious condition (string literals as boolean)

duplicate break statement

unreachable code

testing if unsigned variable is negative

testing is unsigned variable is positive

using bool in bitwise expression

Suspicious use of ; at the end of 'if/for/while' statement.

incorrect usage of functions from ctype library.

optimisation: detect post increment/decrement

STL usage

Check for invalid usage of STL:

out of bounds errors

misuse of iterators when iterating through a container

mismatching containers in calls

dereferencing an erased iterator

for vectors: using iterator/pointer after push_back has been used

optimisation: use empty() instead of size() to guarantee fast code

suspicious condition when using find

redundant condition

common mistakes when using string::c_str()

using auto pointer (auto_ptr)

useless calls of string functions

Uninitialized variables

using uninitialized variables and data

Unused functions

Check for functions that are never called

UnusedVar

UnusedVar checks

unused variable

allocated but unused variable

unred variable

unassigned variable

unused struct member

Using postfix operators

Warn if using postfix operators ++ or -- rather than prefix operator

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