前面已经介绍了如何创建一个应用服务,如何创建一个系统服务,这里我把Android服务分为:应用服务(ActivityService),系统服务(SystemService),分类是否正确也不清楚,网上并没有资料明确定义,之所以这样分类,因为应用服务放在ActiveServices中管理,而系统服务放在ServiceManager中管理,两者存在明显的不同。由于Android设计时已经把中间层标准化了,我们实现一个服务时,只需要简单实现服务端(Native)和调用端(Proxy)即可。本文将详细描述ActiveService的启动全过程,有关Binder的部分没有详细介绍,后续文章再介绍。
1、Activity服务启动的几个阶段
Activity服务启动大致可以分为以下几个阶段:
准备阶段:做进程启动前的准备工作。
进程启动阶段:通过Zygote启动进程。(当服务已经启动时,此步骤略)
Activity启动阶段:在新的进程里,启动Activity。
本文重点说明第1阶段和第3阶段,进程启动阶段参见前一篇文章《Android 进阶-进程启动分析》。所以,Activity服务与应用的启动过程大致相同。
2. 准备阶段
2.1 流程图
2.2 关键流程说明
上面的流程图,和Activity应用启动相似,最后都分为服务进程已经启动和服务进程未启动两种情况,服务进程已经启动的情况下,不需要进程启动,直接到服务启动步骤。
从先前服务实例中,我们知道,当要调用一个服务时,需要先创建一个ServiceConnection,并在OnServiceConnected函数中,保存服务的Binder接口,以便调用服务的各种接口。然后,再绑定服务,再调用服务。
2.2.1 ContextImpl.bindService
Client是调用Activity.bindService来绑定服务的,怎么会到ContextImpl.bindService中?上图中略去了一些步骤,这里结合代码说明:
Activity 继承自 ContextThemeWrapper ,而ContextThemeWrapper继承自
ContextWrapper,bindService就定义在ContextWraper中。
frameworks/base/core/java/android/content/ContextWrapper.java
public class ContextWrapper extends Context { Context mBase; public ContextWrapper(Context base) { mBase = base; } ... public boolean bindService(Intent service, ServiceConnection conn, int flags) { return mBase.bindService(service, conn, flags); } ... }
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再看ContextThemeWrapper
frameworks/base/core/java/android/view/ContextThemeWrapper.java
public class ContextThemeWrapper extends ContextWrapper { ... public ContextThemeWrapper() { super(null); } ... } |
而Activity没有构造函数,这说明我们new一个Activity时,mBase是null,那怎么bindService呢?一定有一个地方设置了mBase。在《Android进阶-Activity应用启动分析》一文中写到ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity函数有介绍。现在继续这个函数:
frameworks/base/core/java/android/app/ActivityThread.java
public ActivityThread{ private Context createBaseContextForActivity(ActivityClientRecord r, final Activity activity) { ContextImpl appContext = new ContextImpl(); appContext.init(r.packageInfo, r.token, this); appContext.setOuterContext(activity); ... Context baseContext = appContext; ... return baseContext; } ... private Activity performLaunchActivity(ActivityClientRecord r, Intent customIntent) { // System.out.println("##### [" + System.currentTimeMillis() + "] ActivityThread.performLaunchActivity(" + r + ")"); ... try { Application app = r.packageInfo.makeApplication(false, mInstrumentation); ... if (activity != null) { //创建上下文 Context appContext = createBaseContextForActivity(r, activity); CharSequence title = r.activityInfo.loadLabel(appContext.getPackageManager()); Configuration config = new Configuration(mCompatConfiguration); if (DEBUG_CONFIGURATION) Slog.v(TAG, "Launching activity " + r.activityInfo.name + " with config " + config); //连接上下文 activity.attach(appContext, this, getInstrumentation(), r.token, r.ident, app, r.intent, r.activityInfo, title, r.parent, r.embeddedID, r.lastNonConfigurationInstances, config); ... } r.paused = true; mActivities.put(r.token, r); } catch (SuperNotCalledException e) { throw e; } catch (Exception e) { if (!mInstrumentation.onException(activity, e)) { throw new RuntimeException( "Unable to start activity " + component + ": " + e.toString(), e); } } return activity; } } |
frameworks/base/core/java/android/app/Activity.java
public Activity{ ... final void attach(Context context, ActivityThread aThread, Instrumentation instr, IBinder token, int ident, Application application, Intent intent, ActivityInfo info, CharSequence title, Activity parent, String id, NonConfigurationInstances lastNonConfigurationInstances, Configuration config) { // 连接mBase attachBaseContext(context); mFragments.attachActivity(this, mContainer, null); ... } }
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frameworks/base/core/java/android/view/ContextThemeWrapper.java
public class ContextThemeWrapper{ protected void attachBaseContext(Context newBase) { //连接mBase super.attachBaseContext(newBase); mBase = newBase; } } |
从上面的源代码可以看出,当载入Activity类后,便会调用createBaseContextForActivity来创建appContext,再用activity.attach来连接context。而appContext是用newContextImpl()来创建的,所以,Activity.mBase就是一个ContextImpl的类实例。
因此,上图从ContextImpl.bindService开始。
2.2.2 ContextImpl.bindServiceCommon
frameworks/base/core/java/android/app/ContextImpl.java
private boolean bindServiceCommon(Intent service, ServiceConnection conn, int flags, UserHandle user) { IServiceConnection sd; if (conn == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("connection is null"); } if (mPackageInfo != null) { // 创建一个IServiceConnection对象,服务绑定后,
需要调用此对象的connected函数,触发ServiceConnection.onServiceConnected事件 // 此对象是一个LoadedApk.ServiceDispatcher.InnerConnection对象,见后面的LoadedApk的代码解释 sd = mPackageInfo.getServiceDispatcher(conn, getOuterContext(), mMainThread.getHandler(), flags); } else { throw new RuntimeException("Not supported in system context"); } validateServiceIntent(service); try { ... // 通过ActivieyManagerProxy.bindService,经由Binder调用ActivityManagerService.bindService int res = ActivityManagerNative.getDefault().bindService( mMainThread.getApplicationThread(), getActivityToken(), service, service.resolveTypeIfNeeded(getContentResolver()), sd, flags, user.getIdentifier()); if (res < 0) { throw new SecurityException( "Not allowed to bind to service " + service); } return res != 0; } catch (RemoteException e) { return false; } } |
frameworks/base/core/java/android/app/LoadedApk.java
public class LoadedApk{ ... static final class ServiceDispatcher { private final ServiceDispatcher.InnerConnection mIServiceConnection; ... private static class InnerConnection extends IServiceConnection.Stub { ... } ... IServiceConnection getIServiceConnection() { // 返回一个InnerConnection连接 return mIServiceConnection; } } ... public final IServiceConnection getServiceDispatcher(ServiceConnection c, Context context, Handler handler, int flags) { synchronized (mServices) { LoadedApk.ServiceDispatcher sd = null; ArrayMap<ServiceConnection, LoadedApk.ServiceDispatcher> map = mServices.get(context); if (map != null) { sd = map.get(c); } if (sd == null) { // 创建ServiceDispatcher sd = new ServiceDispatcher(c, context, handler, flags); if (map == null) { map = new ArrayMap<ServiceConnection, LoadedApk.ServiceDispatcher>(); mServices.put(context, map); } map.put(c, sd); } else { sd.validate(context, handler); } // 返回ServiceDispatcher.getIServiceConnection() return sd.getIServiceConnection(); } } ... } |
本函数做两个事情:
调用mPackageInfo.getServiceDispatcher创建IServiceConnection连接,返回的是ServiceDispatcher.InnerConnection对象,此对象作为bindService的参数,传给后续实现者。此对象可以通过connected函数,来触发ServiceConection.onServiceConnected,来通知调用方,服务已经绑定了,并传入IBinder对象,可以调用方通过此对象来调用服务的各种操作;
通过ActivityManagerProxy.bindService,来调用ActivityManagerService中的bindService方法。说明:ActivityManagerNavite.getDefault()返回的是一个ActivityManagerProxy对象,这在《Android进阶-
Activity应用启动分析》一文中已经有介绍。具体的过程见上图,Binder通信过程本文忽略。
需要注意的是,InnerConnection继承自IServiceConnection.Stub,即,新创建的InnerConnection是一个Binder服务端对象。
2.2.3 ActivityManagerProxy.bindService
public class ActivityManagerProxy{ public int bindService(IApplicationThread caller, IBinder token, Intent service, String resolvedType, IServiceConnection connection, int flags, int userId) throws RemoteException { Parcel data = Parcel.obtain(); Parcel reply = Parcel.obtain(); data.writeInterfaceToken(IActivityManager.descriptor); data.writeStrongBinder(caller != null ? caller.asBinder() : null); data.writeStrongBinder(token); service.writeToParcel(data, 0); data.writeString(resolvedType); // 写入connection的binder接口 data.writeStrongBinder(connection.asBinder()); data.writeInt(flags); data.writeInt(userId); mRemote.transact(BIND_SERVICE_TRANSACTION, data, reply, 0); reply.readException(); int res = reply.readInt(); data.recycle(); reply.recycle(); return res; } } |
将connection组包,并经由Binder驱动程序,传输至ActivityManagerService.bindService,但connection将由Binder,变为BinderProxy,这个转换将在Binder传输过程完成。因为connection在Activity调用端创建的,而ActivityManagerService是在系统服务进程,在不同的进程中传递对象会做这些转换,在后续文章中将会介绍。
2.2.4 ActivityManagerService.bindService
流程走到ActivityManagerService.bindService中后,又有两个关键动作,即ActiveServices.realStartServiceLocked和ActiveServices.reuqestServiceBindLocked。
2.2.5 ActiveServices.bringUpServiceLocked
frameworks/base/services/java/com/android/server/am/ActiveServices.java
public class ActiveServices{ ... private final String bringUpServiceLocked(ServiceRecord r, int intentFlags, boolean execInFg, boolean whileRestarting) { ... ProcessRecord app; if (!isolated) { app = mAm.getProcessRecordLocked(procName, r.appInfo.uid, false); if (DEBUG_MU) Slog.v(TAG_MU, "bringUpServiceLocked: appInfo.uid=" + r.appInfo.uid + " app=" + app); if (app != null && app.thread != null) { // 如果服务进程已经启动 try { app.addPackage(r.appInfo.packageName, mAm.mProcessStats); realStartServiceLocked(r, app, execInFg); return null; } catch (RemoteException e) { Slog.w(TAG, "Exception when starting service " + r.shortName, e); } // If a dead object exception was thrown -- fall through to // restart the application. } } else { ... } // Not running -- get it started, and enqueue this service record // to be executed when the app comes up. if (app == null) { // 如果服务进程未启动 if ((app=mAm.startProcessLocked(procName, r.appInfo, true, intentFlags, "service", r.name, false, isolated, false)) == null) { ... return msg; } if (isolated) { r.isolatedProc = app; } } ... return null; } } |
上面的函数流程很简单,就是判断如果服务进程已经启动,则直接调用realStartServiceLocked启动服务,否则调用ActivityManagerService.startProcessLocked启动进程,进入进程启动阶段。
3. 进程启动阶段
略。详见《Android 进阶 - 进程启动分析》一文。
4. 服务启动阶段
4.1 流程图
4.2 关键流程分析
上面的图看似比Activity启动要复杂,实际上大的步骤差不过,只不过,服务启动时,先要createService,再bindService,要发两次消息,而Activity启动只需要发一次消息。
如果服务进程已经启动的情况下,可直接从3.1:realStartServiceLocked一步往下看。
请先参看《Android 进阶 - Looper进程内通信》和《Android 进阶 -Activity应用启动分析》,从bindServiceLocked到sendMessage,再到消息进入到Looper.mainLooper.queue队列中,如果看了前面两篇文章,相信这一部分很容易看懂,这里不再讨论。流程主要发了两个消息H.CREATE_SERVICE和H.BIND_SERVICE,一个是创建服务的消息,一个是绑定服务的消息。这些消息会在Looper.loop函数依次处理。
4.2.1 handleCreateService
H.CREATE_SERVICE的消息,经由H.dispatchMessage,会进入ActivityThread.handleCreateService函数。
frameworks/base/core/java/android/app/ActivityThread.java
public clas ActivityThread{ ... private void handleCreateService(CreateServiceData data) { // If we are getting ready to gc after going to the background, well // we are back active so skip it. unscheduleGcIdler(); LoadedApk packageInfo = getPackageInfoNoCheck( data.info.applicationInfo, data.compatInfo); Service service = null; try { java.lang.ClassLoader cl = packageInfo.getClassLoader(); service = (Service) cl.loadClass(data.info.name).newInstance(); } catch (Exception e) { if (!mInstrumentation.onException(service, e)) { throw new RuntimeException( "Unable to instantiate service " + data.info.name + ": " + e.toString(), e); } } try { if (localLOGV) Slog.v(TAG, "Creating service " + data.info.name); ContextImpl context = new ContextImpl(); context.init(packageInfo, null, this); Application app = packageInfo.makeApplication(false, mInstrumentation); context.setOuterContext(service); // 连接服务上下文 service.attach(context, this, data.info.name, data.token, app, ActivityManagerNative.getDefault()); // 触发服务的onCreate事件 service.onCreate(); mServices.put(data.token, service); try { ActivityManagerNative.getDefault().serviceDoneExecuting( data.token, 0, 0, 0); } catch (RemoteException e) { // nothing to do. } } catch (Exception e) { if (!mInstrumentation.onException(service, e)) { throw new RuntimeException( "Unable to create service " + data.info.name + ": " + e.toString(), e); } } } } |
4.2.2 handleBindService
H.BIND_SERVICE的消息,经由H.dispatchMessage,会进入ActivityThread.handleBindService函数。
frameworks/base/core/java/android/app/ActivityThread.java
public class ActivityThread{ ... private void handleBindService(BindServiceData data) { Service s = mServices.get(data.token); if (DEBUG_SERVICE) Slog.v(TAG, "handleBindService s=" + s + " rebind=" + data.rebind); if (s != null) { try { data.intent.setExtrasClassLoader(s.getClassLoader()); try { if (!data.rebind) { // 触发服务的onBind事件 IBinder binder = s.onBind(data.intent); // 通过Binder,调用ActivityManagerService.publishService发布服务 ActivityManagerNative.getDefault().publishService( data.token, data.intent, binder); } else { ... } ensureJitEnabled(); } catch (RemoteException ex) { } } catch (Exception e) { ... } } } } |
4.2.3 publishService
上节的源码中说明,服务绑定完成之后,会通过ActivityManagerProxy代理,经由Binder,调用ActivityManagerService的publishService函数。frameworks/base/services/java/com/android/server/am/ActivityManagerService.java
pulbic class ActivityManagerService{ ... public void publishService(IBinder token, Intent intent, IBinder service) { // Refuse possible leaked file descriptors if (intent != null && intent.hasFileDescriptors() == true) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("File descriptors passed in Intent"); } synchronized(this) { if (!(token instanceof ServiceRecord)) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid service token"); } mServices.publishServiceLocked((ServiceRecord)token, intent, service); } } ... } |
经由Binder驱动程序传输到ActivityManagerService后,service由服务端的Binder对象自动变了客户端的BinderProxy对象。
frameworks/base/services/java/com/android/server/am/ActiveServices.java
pulbic class ActiveServices{ ... void publishServiceLocked(ServiceRecord r, Intent intent, IBinder service) { final long origId = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); try { if (DEBUG_SERVICE) Slog.v(TAG, "PUBLISHING " + r + " " + intent + ": " + service); if (r != null) { Intent.FilterComparison filter = new Intent.FilterComparison(intent); IntentBindRecord b = r.bindings.get(filter); if (b != null && !b.received) { b.binder = service; b.requested = true; b.received = true; for (int conni=r.connections.size()-1; conni>=0; conni--) { ArrayList<ConnectionRecord> clist = r.connections.valueAt(conni); for (int i=0; i<clist.size(); i++) { ConnectionRecord c = clist.get(i); ... try { // c.conn 为 服务启动准备阶段 在ContextImpl.bindServiceCommon中创建的,
为一个LoadedApk.ServiceDispatcher.InnerConnection的实例的远程接口,通过Binder驱动调用服务端触发onServiceConnected事件。 c.conn.connected(r.name, service); } catch (Exception e) { Slog.w(TAG, "Failure sending service " + r.name + " to connection " + c.conn.asBinder() + " (in " + c.binding.client.processName + ")", e); } } } } serviceDoneExecutingLocked(r, mDestroyingServices.contains(r), false); } } finally { Binder.restoreCallingIdentity(origId); } } ... } |
下面的代码是经由Binder远程接口传回至Activity调用端。
frameworks/base/core/java/android/app/LoadedApk.java
public class LoadApk{ ... static final class ServiceDispatcher { private static class InnerConnection extends IServiceConnection.Stub { final WeakReference<LoadedApk.ServiceDispatcher> mDispatcher; InnerConnection(LoadedApk.ServiceDispatcher sd) { mDispatcher = new WeakReference<LoadedApk.ServiceDispatcher>(sd); } // 通知已经连接 public void connected(ComponentName name, IBinder service) throws RemoteException { LoadedApk.ServiceDispatcher sd = mDispatcher.get(); if (sd != null) { // 进入下面的connected函数 sd.connected(name, service); } } } ... public void connected(ComponentName name, IBinder service) { if (mActivityThread != null) { mActivityThread.post(new RunConnection(name, service, 0)); } else { // 进入下面的doConnected函数 doConnected(name, service); } } ... public void doConnected(ComponentName name, IBinder service) { ServiceDispatcher.ConnectionInfo old; ServiceDispatcher.ConnectionInfo info; ... // If there was an old service, it is not disconnected. if (old != null) { // 假如是服务,触发onServiceDisconnected事件 mConnection.onServiceDisconnected(name); } // If there is a new service, it is now connected. if (service != null) { // 假如是新服务,则触发onServiceConnected。mConnection为在Activity.bindService是传入的参数,
也即是绑定服务前用户创建的ServiceConnection类实例。 mConnection.onServiceConnected(name, service); } } } } |
流程走到这里,就算是完成了,进入了调用者创建的ServiceConnection.onServiceConnected函数中,此函数会传回服务的IBinder接口,调用者可以保存此接口调用服务的各类操作。
5. 结语
最后,我们总结一下,如下图。
上图是简化了的流程,只从三个进程来描述。从上图可以看出,Android已经屏蔽了进程概念,要在一个Activity里,绑定一个服务,其实是三个进程之间打交道,进程之间的数据,全部经由Binder传递。
1、ServiceConnection在Activity里由调用方创建,实现onSeviceConnected事件,接收传回的service远程接口(BinderProxy);
2、创建IServiceConnection的Binder服务端,此步骤在ContextImpl.bindServiceCommon里创建,是一个LoadedApk.ServiceDistpatch.InnerConnection类的实例。
3、binderService,此处经由Binder,传入到ActivityManagerService中,数据传递ActivityManagerService时,会将IServiceConnection服务端对象转换为BinderProxy的远程接口代理对象,此时,ActivityManagerService是Activity的客户端。
4、保存IServiceConnection至服务的连接列表中
5、如果有必要,启动服务进程
6、调用app.thread.scheduleCreateService创建服务,app.thread是一个基于ActivityThread.ApplicationThread的Binder远程接口,由此接口,可以与服务进程通讯,真正的操作在服务进程里。
7、同理,调用app.thread.scheduleBindService绑定服务,绑定操作在服务进程里
8、服务进程通过ActivityManagerProxy,经由Binder接口,将publishService转发至ActivityManagerService中。
9、ActivityManagerService进程查找此服务的IServiceConnection远程Binder接口。
10、调用IServiceConnection远程Binder接口,进入到IServiceConnection服务端(即Activity服务调用进程),执行connected操作
11、最后执行ServiceConnection.onServiceConnected,通知Activity,服务绑定完成。并得到了服务的远程接口。 |