前言
在这里我认为有必要提一下Bret Victor的Inventing on Principle,Swift编程环境的大部分概念都源自于Bret这个演讲。
接下来进入正题。
Swift是什么?
Swift是苹果于WWDC 2014发布的编程语言,这里引用The Swift Programming
Language的原话:
Swift is a new programming language for iOS and OS
X apps that builds on the best of C and Objective-C,
without the constraints of C compatibility.
Swift adopts safe programming patterns and adds modern
features to make programming easier, more flexible and
more fun.
Swift’s clean slate, backed by the mature and much-loved
Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks, is an opportunity
to imagine how software development works.
Swift is the first industrial-quality systems programming
language that is as expressive and enjoyable as a scripting
language.
简单的说:
Swift用来写iOS和OS X程序。(估计也不会支持其它屌丝系统)
Swift吸取了C和Objective-C的优点,且更加强大易用。
Swift可以使用现有的Cocoa和Cocoa Touch框架。
Swift兼具编译语言的高性能(Performance)和脚本语言的交互性(Interactive)。
Swift语言概览
基本概念
注:这一节的代码源自The Swift Programming Language中的A Swift Tour。
Hello, world
类似于脚本语言,下面的代码即是一个完整的Swift程序。
变量与常量
Swift使用var声明变量,let声明常量。
var myVariable = 42 myVariable = 50 let myConstant = 42 |
类型推导
Swift支持类型推导(Type Inference),所以上面的代码不需指定类型,如果需要指定类型:
let explicitDouble : Double = 70 |
Swift不支持隐式类型转换(Implicitly casting),所以下面的代码需要显式类型转换(Explicitly
casting):
let label = "The width is " let width = 94 let labelWidth = label + String(width) |
字符串格式化
Swift使用\(item)的形式进行字符串格式化:
let apples = 3 let oranges = 5 let appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples." let fruitSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit." |
数组和字典
Swift使用[]操作符声明数组(array)和字典(dictionary):
var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"] shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
var occupations = [
"Malcolm": "Captain",
"Kaylee": "Mechanic",
]
occupations["Jayne"] = "Public
Relations" |
一般使用初始化器(initializer)语法创建空数组和空字典:
let emptyArray = String[]() let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>() |
如果类型信息已知,则可以使用[]声明空数组,使用[:]声明空字典。
控制流
概览
Swift的条件语句包含if和switch,循环语句包含for-in、for、while和do-while,循环/判断条件不需要括号,但循环/判断体(body)必需括号:
let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12] var teamScore = 0 for score in individualScores { if score > 50 { teamScore += 3 } else { teamScore += 1 } } |
可空类型
结合if和let,可以方便的处理可空变量(nullable variable)。对于空值,需要在类型声明后添加?显式标明该类型可空。
var optionalString: String? = "Hello" optionalString == nil
var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed"
var gretting = "Hello!"
if let name = optionalName {
gretting = "Hello, \(name)"
} |
灵活的switch
Swift中的switch支持各种各样的比较操作:
let vegetable = "red pepper" switch vegetable { case "celery": let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log." case "cucumber", "watercress": let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich." case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"): let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?" default: let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup." } |
其它循环
for-in除了遍历数组也可以用来遍历字典:
let interestingNumbers = [
"Prime": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13],
"Fibonacci": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8],
"Square": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25],
]
var largest = 0
for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers {
for number in numbers {
if number > largest {
largest = number
}
}
}
largest |
while循环和do-while循环:
var n = 2
while n < 100 {
n = n * 2
}
n
var m = 2
do {
m = m * 2
} while m < 100
m |
Swift支持传统的for循环,此外也可以通过结合..(生成一个区间)和for-in实现同样的逻辑。
var firstForLoop = 0
for i in 0..3 {
firstForLoop += i
}
firstForLoop
var secondForLoop = 0
for var i = 0; i < 3; ++i {
secondForLoop += 1
}
secondForLoop |
注意:Swift除了..还有...:..生成前闭后开的区间,而...生成前闭后闭的区间。
函数和闭包
函数
Swift使用func关键字声明函数:
func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String { return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)." } greet("Bob", "Tuesday") |
通过元组(Tuple)返回多个值:
func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) { return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79) } getGasPrices() |
支持带有变长参数的函数:
func sumOf(numbers: Int...) -> Int { var sum = 0 for number in numbers { sum += number } return sum } sumOf() sumOf(42, 597, 12) |
函数也可以嵌套函数:
func returnFifteen() -> Int { var y = 10 func add() { y += 5 } add() return y } returnFifteen() |
作为头等对象,函数既可以作为返回值,也可以作为参数传递:
func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) { func addOne(number: Int) -> Int { return 1 + number } return addOne } var increment = makeIncrementer() increment(7) |
func hasAnyMatches(list: Int[], condition: Int -> Bool) -> Bool { for item in list { if condition(item) { return true } } return false } func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool { return number < 10 } var numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12] hasAnyMatches(numbers, lessThanTen) |
闭包
本质来说,函数是特殊的闭包,Swift中可以利用{}声明匿名闭包:
numbers.map({ (number: Int) -> Int in let result = 3 * number return result }) |
当闭包的类型已知时,可以使用下面的简化写法:
numbers.map({ number in 3 * number }) |
当闭包的类型已知时,可以使用下面的简化写法:
numbers.map({ number in 3 * number }) |
此外还可以通过参数的位置来使用参数,当函数最后一个参数是闭包时,可以使用下面的语法:
sort([1, 5, 3, 12, 2]) { $0 > $1 } |
类和对象
创建和使用类
Swift使用class创建一个类,类可以包含字段和方法:
class Shape { var numberOfSides = 0 func simpleDescription() -> String { return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides." } } |
创建Shape类的实例,并调用其字段和方法。
var shape = Shape() shape.numberOfSides = 7 var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription() |
通过init构建对象,既可以使用self显式引用成员字段(name),也可以隐式引用(numberOfSides)。
class NamedShape {
var numberOfSides: Int = 0
var name: String
init(name: String) {
self.name = name
}
func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
}
} |
使用deinit进行清理工作。
继承和多态
Swift支持继承和多态(override父类方法):
class Square: NamedShape {
var sideLength: Double
init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
self.sideLength = sideLength
super.init(name: name)
numberOfSides = 4
}
func area() -> Double {
return sideLength * sideLength
}
override func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "A square with sides of length \(sideLength)."
}
}
let test = Square(sideLength: 5.2, name: "my test square")
test.area()
test.simpleDescription() |
注意:如果这里的simpleDescription方法没有被标识为override,则会引发编译错误。
属性
为了简化代码,Swift引入了属性(property),见下面的perimeter字段:
class EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape {
var sideLength: Double = 0.0
init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
self.sideLength = sideLength
super.init(name: name)
numberOfSides = 3
}
var perimeter: Double {
get {
return 3.0 * sideLength
}
set {
sideLength = newValue / 3.0
}
}
override func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "An equilateral triagle with sides of length \(sideLength)."
}
}
var triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: 3.1, name: "a triangle")
triangle.perimeter
triangle.perimeter = 9.9
triangle.sideLength |
注意:赋值器(setter)中,接收的值被自动命名为newValue。
willSet和didSet
EquilateralTriangle的构造器进行了如下操作:
1.为子类型的属性赋值。
2.调用父类型的构造器。
3.修改父类型的属性。
如果不需要计算属性的值,但需要在赋值前后进行一些操作的话,使用willSet和didSet:
class TriangleAndSquare {
var triangle: EquilateralTriangle {
willSet {
square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
}
}
var square: Square {
willSet {
triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
}
}
init(size: Double, name: String) {
square = Square(sideLength: size, name: name)
triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: size, name: name)
}
}
var triangleAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare(size: 10, name: "another test shape")
triangleAndSquare.square.sideLength
triangleAndSquare.square = Square(sideLength: 50, name: "larger square")
triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength |
从而保证triangle和square拥有相等的sideLength。
调用方法
Swift中,函数的参数名称只能在函数内部使用,但方法的参数名称除了在内部使用外还可以在外部使用(第一个参数除外),例如:
class Counter {
var count: Int = 0
func incrementBy(amount: Int, numberOfTimes times: Int) {
count += amount * times
}
}
var counter = Counter()
counter.incrementBy(2, numberOfTimes: 7) |
注意Swift支持为方法参数取别名:在上面的代码里,numberOfTimes面向外部,times面向内部。
?的另一种用途
使用可空值时,?可以出现在方法、属性或下标前面。如果?前的值为nil,那么?后面的表达式会被忽略,而原表达式直接返回nil,例如:
let optionalSquare: Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional
square")
let sideLength = optionalSquare?.sideLength |
当optionalSquare为nil时,sideLength属性调用会被忽略。
枚举和结构
枚举
使用enum创建枚举——注意Swift的枚举可以关联方法:
enum Rank: Int {
case Ace = 1
case Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten
case Jack, Queen, King
func simpleDescription() -> String {
switch self {
case .Ace:
return "ace"
case .Jack:
return "jack"
case .Queen:
return "queen"
case .King:
return "king"
default:
return String(self.toRaw())
}
}
}
let ace = Rank.Ace
let aceRawValue = ace.toRaw() |
使用toRaw和fromRaw在原始(raw)数值和枚举值之间进行转换:
if let convertedRank = Rank.fromRaw(3) { let threeDescription = convertedRank.simpleDescription() } |
注意枚举中的成员值(member value)是实际的值(actual value),和原始值(raw
value)没有必然关联。
一些情况下枚举不存在有意义的原始值,这时可以直接忽略原始值:
enum Suit {
case Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs
func simpleDescription() -> String {
switch self {
case .Spades:
return "spades"
case .Hearts:
return "hearts"
case .Diamonds:
return "diamonds"
case .Clubs:
return "clubs"
}
}
}
let hearts = Suit.Hearts
let heartsDescription = hearts.simpleDescription() |
除了可以关联方法,枚举还支持在其成员上关联值,同一枚举的不同成员可以有不同的关联的值:
enum ServerResponse {
case Result(String, String)
case Error(String)
}
let success = ServerResponse.Result("6:00 am", "8:09 pm")
let failure = ServerResponse.Error("Out of cheese.")
switch success {
case let .Result(sunrise, sunset):
let serverResponse = "Sunrise is at \(sunrise) and sunset is at \(sunset)."
case let .Error(error):
let serverResponse = "Failure... \(error)"
} |
结构
Swift使用struct关键字创建结构。结构支持构造器和方法这些类的特性。结构和类的最大区别在于:结构的实例按值传递(passed
by value),而类的实例按引用传递(passed by reference)。
struct Card {
var rank: Rank
var suit: Suit
func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "The \(rank.simpleDescription()) of \(suit.simpleDescription())"
}
}
let threeOfSpades = Card(rank: .Three, suit: .Spades)
let threeOfSpadesDescription = threeOfSpades.simpleDescription() |
协议(protocol)和扩展(extension)
协议
Swift使用protocol定义协议:
protocol ExampleProtocol { var simpleDescription: String { get } mutating func adjust() } |
类型、枚举和结构都可以实现(adopt)协议:
class SimpleClass: ExampleProtocol {
var simpleDescription: String = "A very simple class."
var anotherProperty: Int = 69105
func adjust() {
simpleDescription += " Now 100% adjusted."
}
}
var a = SimpleClass()
a.adjust()
let aDescription = a.simpleDescription
struct SimpleStructure: ExampleProtocol {
var simpleDescription: String = "A simple structure"
mutating func adjust() {
simpleDescription += " (adjusted)"
}
}
var b = SimpleStructure()
b.adjust()
let bDescription = b.simpleDescription |
扩展
扩展用于在已有的类型上增加新的功能(比如新的方法或属性),Swift使用extension声明扩展:
extension Int: ExampleProtocol {
var simpleDescription: String {
return "The number \(self)"
}
mutating func adjust() {
self += 42
}
}
7.simpleDescription |
泛型(generics)
Swift使用<>来声明泛型函数或泛型类型:
func repeat(item: ItemType, times: Int) -> ItemType[] {
var result = ItemType[]()
for i in 0..times {
result += item
}
return result
}
repeat("knock", 4) |
Swift也支持在类、枚举和结构中使用泛型:
// Reimplement the Swift standard library's optional type enum OptionalValue<T> { case None case Some(T) } var possibleInteger: OptionalValue<Int> = .None possibleInteger = .Some(100) |
有时需要对泛型做一些需求(requirements),比如需求某个泛型类型实现某个接口或继承自某个特定类型、两个泛型类型属于同一个类型等等,Swift通过where描述这些需求:
func anyCommonElements <T, U where T: Sequence, U: Sequence, T.GeneratorType.Element: Equatable,
T.GeneratorType.Element == U.GeneratorType.Element> (lhs: T, rhs: U) -> Bool { for lhsItem in lhs { for rhsItem in rhs { if lhsItem == rhsItem { return true } } } return false } anyCommonElements([1, 2, 3], [3]) |
Swift语言概览就到这里,有兴趣的朋友请进一步阅读The Swift Programming Language。
接下来聊聊个人对Swift的一些感受。
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