Sequence
Diagrams
A sequence diagram is a form of interaction diagram
which shows objects as lifelines running down the page,
with their interactions over time represented as messages
drawn as arrows from the source lifeline to the target
lifeline. Sequence diagrams are good at showing which
objects communicate with which other objects; and what
messages trigger those communications. Sequence diagrams
are not intended for showing complex procedural logic.
Lifelines
A lifeline represents an individual participant in
a sequence diagram. A lifeline will usually have a rectangle
containing its object name. If its name is "self",
that indicates that the lifeline represents the classifier
which owns the sequence diagram.
Sometimes a sequence diagram will have a lifeline with
an actor element symbol at its head. This will usually
be the case if the sequence diagram is owned by a use
case. Boundary, control and entity elements from robustness
diagrams can also own lifelines.
Messages
Messages are displayed as arrows. Messages can be
complete, lost or found; synchronous or asynchronous;
call or signal. In the following diagram, the first
message is a synchronous message (denoted by the solid
arrowhead) complete with an implicit return message;
the second message is asynchronous (denoted by line
arrowhead), and the third is the asynchronous return
message (denoted by the dashed line).
Execution Occurrence
A thin rectangle running down the lifeline denotes
the execution occurrence, or activation of a focus of
control. In the previous diagram, there are three execution
occurrences. The first is the source object sending
two messages and receiving two replies; the second is
the target object receiving a synchronous message and
returning a reply; and the third is the target object
receiving an asynchronous message and returning a reply.
Self Message
A self message can represent a recursive call of an
operation, or one method calling another method belonging
to the same object. It is shown as creating a nested
focus of control in the lifeline’s execution occurrence.
Lost and Found Messages
Lost messages are those that are either sent but do
not arrive at the intended recipient, or which go to
a recipient not shown on the current diagram. Found
messages are those that arrive from an unknown sender,
or from a sender not shown on the current diagram. They
are denoted going to or coming from an endpoint element.
Lifeline Start and End
A lifeline may be created or destroyed during the
timescale represented by a sequence diagram. In the
latter case, the lifeline is terminated by a stop symbol,
represented as a cross. In the former case, the symbol
at the head of the lifeline is shown at a lower level
down the page than the symbol of the object that caused
the creation. The following diagram shows an object
being created and destroyed.
Duration and Time Constraints
By default, a message is shown as a horizontal line.
Since the lifeline represents the passage of time down
the screen, when modelling a real-time system, or even
a time-bound business process, it can be important to
consider the length of time it takes to perform actions.
By setting a duration constraint for a message, the
message will be shown as a sloping line.
Combined Fragments
It was stated earlier that sequence diagrams are not
intended for showing complex procedural logic. While
this is the case, there are a number of mechanisms that
do allow for adding a degree of procedural logic to
diagrams and which come under the heading of combined
fragments. A combined fragment is one or more processing
sequence enclosed in a frame and executed under specific
named circumstances. The fragments available are:
- Alternative fragment (denoted “alt”) models if…then…else
constructs.
- Option fragment (denoted “opt”) models switch constructs.
- Break fragment models an alternative sequence of
events that is processed instead of the whole of the
rest of the diagram.
- Parallel fragment (denoted “par”) models concurrent
processing.
- Weak sequencing fragment (denoted “seq”) encloses
a number of sequences for which all the messages must
be processed in a preceding segment before the following
segment can start, but which does not impose any sequencing
within a segment on messages that don’t share a lifeline.
- Strict sequencing fragment (denoted “strict”) encloses
a series of messages which must be processed in the
given order. Negative
- fragment (denoted “neg”) encloses an invalid series
of messages.
- Critical fragment encloses a critical section.
- Ignore fragment declares a message or message to
be of no interest if it appears in the current context.
- Consider fragment is in effect the opposite of the
ignore fragment: any message not included in the consider
fragment should be ignored.
- Assertion fragment (denoted “assert”) designates
that any sequence not shown as an operand of the assertion
is invalid.
- Loop fragment encloses a series of messages which
are repeated.
The following diagram shows a loop fragment.
There is also an interaction occurrence, which is similar
to a combined fragment. An interaction occurrence is
a reference to another diagram which has the word "ref"
in the top left corner of the frame, and has the name
of the referenced diagram shown in the middle of the
frame.
Gate
A gate is a connection point for connecting a message
inside a fragment with a message outside a fragment.
EA shows a gate as a small square on a fragment frame.
Diagram gates act as off-page connectors for sequence
diagrams, representing the source of incoming messages
or the target of outgoing messages. The following two
diagrams show how they might be used in practice. Note
that the gate on the top level diagram is the point
at which the message arrowhead touches the reference
fragment - there is no need to render it as a box shape.
Part Decomposition
An object can have more than one lifeline coming from
it. This allows for inter- and intra-object messages
to be displayed on the same diagram.
State Invariant / Continuations
A state invariant is a constraint placed on a lifeline
that must be true at run-time. It is shown as a rectangle
with semi-circular ends.
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